---
title: "Centrality catalogue"
output:
  rmarkdown::html_vignette:
    toc: true
    toc_depth: 2
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Centrality catalogue}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r, include = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>",
  message = FALSE,
  warning = FALSE
)
```

```{css, echo = FALSE}
.cg-fam-index { line-height: 1.7; }
.cg-fam-index p { margin: 0.15em 0 0.9em 0; }
h3 code { font-size: 0.92em; }
table.cg-argtable td, table.cg-argtable th { padding: 4px 8px; }
```

```{r setup}
library(cograph)
data(student_interactions)
```

A centrality is a **node-level** statistic: it assigns every node a single
number that summarises some aspect of its position in the network — how many
ties it has, how short its paths to others are, how often it sits between other
nodes, or how it participates in the network's global structure. Centralities
describe **nodes**, not edges or whole graphs, and they are the most widely used
way to compare the relative prominence of actors within a network.

`cograph` ships the **widest collection of node centrality measures available in
R — 99 in total** — spanning degree and strength, distance and closeness,
shortest-path brokerage, spectral and walk-based influence, neighbourhood
cohesion, directed prestige, and community/group-based roles. Every measure is
**equivalence-validated**: its output is checked numerically against an
established reference implementation (`igraph`, `sna`, `centiserve`,
`brainGraph`, `influenceR`, `tidygraph`, and NetworkX via `reticulate`), so
values match the canonical definitions to within documented tolerances.

`student_interactions` is a built-in edge-list dataset of observed student
interactions. It can be passed to `centrality()` directly. The single verb
`centrality()` is the recommended entry point: it returns a tidy
one-row-per-node `data.frame` and accepts an argument for every tuning knob
(see the [argument catalogue](#argument-catalogue) below).

```{r}
centrality(student_interactions)
```

Pass `type = "all"` to compute every measure at once, `measures = c(...)` to pick
a subset, `digits =` to round, and `sort_by =` to order the result.

## How to read this catalogue

Every measure below is documented with four fields:

- **Concept** — what the measure captures, in words.
- **Definition** — the formula, faithful to what `cograph` actually computes
  (verified against the package source, which is occasionally normalised
  differently from a textbook statement).
- **Meaning** — how to read a high (or low) value.
- **Example** and **Equivalence reference** — a runnable call and the external
  implementation it is validated against.

### Notation

Throughout, $G = (V, E)$ is a graph with $n = |V|$ nodes and adjacency matrix
$A = (a_{ij})$; $w_{ij}$ are edge weights, $N(v)$ is the neighbour set of $v$,
$k_v = |N(v)|$ its degree, and $s(v) = \sum_u w_{vu}$ its strength. We write
$d(u, v)$ for the shortest-path distance, $\Delta$ for the graph diameter, and
$\sigma_{st}$ (resp. $\sigma_{st}(v)$) for the number of shortest $s$–$t$ paths
(resp. those passing through $v$). $L = D - A$ is the graph Laplacian and
$\mathbf{1}$ the all-ones vector.

```{r records, echo = FALSE}
rec <- function(family, title, key, concept, math, args, meaning, reference,
                grp = FALSE, via_measures = FALSE) {
  ex <- if (via_measures) {
    sprintf('centrality(student_interactions, measures = "%s")', key)
  } else {
    sprintf("centrality_%s(student_interactions%s)", key,
            if (grp) ", membership = groups" else "")
  }
  list(family = family, title = title, key = key, concept = concept,
       math = math, args = args, meaning = meaning, reference = reference,
       example = ex)
}

records <- list(

  ## ---- Family 1: Degree, strength and local connectivity ----
  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Degree Centrality", "degree",
      "Degree centrality counts the number of direct ties incident on a node. In directed graphs, it can be separated into incoming and outgoing ties.",
      r"(C_D(v) = \sum_{u \in V} a_{vu} = k_v)",
      r"(`mode`, `loops`)",
      "A high degree value indicates many direct observed connections. It is a local connectivity measure and does not imply brokerage or global reach.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::degree()` under matching `mode` and loop settings.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Indegree Centrality", "indegree",
      "Indegree counts ties pointing into a node under a directed interpretation.",
      r"(k_v^{\mathrm{in}} = \sum_{u \in V} a_{uv})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high indegree value indicates many incoming observed ties. Its substantive meaning depends on what edge direction represents.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::degree(mode = "in")`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Outdegree Centrality", "outdegree",
      "Outdegree counts ties leaving a node under a directed interpretation.",
      r"(k_v^{\mathrm{out}} = \sum_{u \in V} a_{vu})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high outdegree value indicates many outgoing observed ties. In transition networks, this can mean many possible next states.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::degree(mode = "out")`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Strength Centrality", "strength",
      "Strength centrality is weighted degree: it sums edge weights instead of counting edges.",
      r"(s(v) = \sum_{u \in V} w_{vu})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high strength value indicates high total incident edge weight. This should be interpreted according to how weights were defined.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::strength()` when weights are supplied.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Instrength Centrality", "instrength",
      "Instrength sums incoming edge weights.",
      r"(s^{\mathrm{in}}(v) = \sum_{u \in V} w_{uv})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high instrength value indicates high total incoming weight. It is a weighted incoming-connectivity measure.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::strength(mode = "in")`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Outstrength Centrality", "outstrength",
      "Outstrength sums outgoing edge weights.",
      r"(s^{\mathrm{out}}(v) = \sum_{u \in V} w_{vu})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high outstrength value indicates high total outgoing weight. It does not show whether that weight is concentrated or distributed.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::strength(mode = "out")`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Expected Centrality", "expected",
      "Expected centrality sums the degrees of a node's neighbours.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{exp}}(v) = \sum_{u \in N(v)} k_u)",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates adjacency to well-connected nodes.",
      r"(Implemented as a native neighbourhood centrality in `cograph`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Leverage Centrality", "leverage",
      "Leverage centrality compares a node's degree with the degrees of its neighbours.",
      r"(\ell(v) = \frac{1}{k_v} \sum_{u \in N(v)} \frac{k_v - k_u}{k_v + k_u})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A positive high value indicates that the node is more connected than its neighbours under this degree comparison.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::leverage()`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Lobby Centrality", "lobby",
      "Lobby centrality is the h-index of neighbour degrees.",
      r"(h(v) = \max\bigl\{ h : |\{ u \in \{v\} \cup N(v) : k_u \ge h \}| \ge h \bigr\})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates many neighbours that themselves have reasonably high degree.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::lobby()`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "H-Index Strength Centrality", "hindex_strength",
      "H-index strength is a weighted h-index-style neighbourhood measure.",
      r"(h_s(v) = \max\bigl\{ h : |\{ u \in \{v\} \cup N(v) : s(u) \ge h \}| \ge h \bigr\})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates strong ties to neighbours meeting a weighted connectivity threshold.",
      r"(Equivalent to lobby centrality on unweighted graphs in package tests.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Local H-Index Centrality", "local_hindex",
      "Local h-index centrality iteratively applies h-index logic to local neighbourhoods.",
      r"(h^{(t+1)}(v) = \mathcal{H}\bigl(\{ h^{(t)}(u) : u \in N(v) \}\bigr), \quad h^{(0)}(v) = k_v)",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high value indicates a locally robust neighbourhood position under the h-index updating rule.",
      r"(Implemented following local h-index centrality formulations and checked in package tests.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Semi-Local Centrality", "semilocal",
      "Semi-local centrality extends degree-like counting beyond immediate neighbours.",
      r"(C_{SL}(v) = \sum_{u \in N(v)} \sum_{w \in N(u)} \bigl| \{\, x : d(w, x) \le 2 \,\} \bigr|)",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates proximity to a locally well-connected neighbourhood.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::semilocal()`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "ClusterRank Centrality", "clusterrank",
      "ClusterRank combines neighbour degree information with local clustering.",
      r"(C_{CR}(v) = c(v) \sum_{u \in N(v)} \bigl( k_u + 1 \bigr), \quad c(v) = \text{local clustering coefficient})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates local connectedness adjusted for clustering-related redundancy.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::clusterrank()`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Collective Influence Centrality", "collective_influence",
      "Collective influence combines a node's excess degree with excess degree on a local boundary.",
      r"(\mathrm{CI}_\ell(v) = (k_v - 1) \sum_{u \,\in\, \partial B(v, \ell)} (k_u - 1), \quad \ell = 2)",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high value indicates potential importance under the collective influence model.",
      r"(Based on Morone and Makse's collective influence formulation.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "MNC Centrality", "mnc",
      "Maximum neighbourhood component centrality is the size of the largest connected component in a node's neighbourhood.",
      r"(\mathrm{MNC}(v) = \max_{C \,\in\, \mathcal{C}(G[N(v)])} |C|)",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates that many neighbours belong to one connected local component.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::mnc()`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "DMNC Centrality", "dmnc",
      "DMNC is a density-adjusted version of maximum neighbourhood component centrality.",
      r"(\mathrm{DMNC}(v) = \frac{E_c}{N_c^{\,\varepsilon}}, \quad \varepsilon = 1.7)",
      r"(`mode`, `dmnc_epsilon`)",
      "A high value indicates a large and dense local neighbour component under the chosen density exponent. Here $E_c$ and $N_c$ are the edges and nodes of the largest component of $G[N(v)]$.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::dmnc()`.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "LAC Centrality", "lac",
      "LAC, or local average connectivity, measures connectivity in a node's neighbourhood.",
      r"(\mathrm{LAC}(v) = \frac{1}{k_v} \sum_{u \in N(v)} \deg_{G[N(v)]}(u))",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates that the node's neighbours form a relatively connected local structure.",
      r"(Corresponds to CytoHubba-style local average connectivity.)"),

  rec("Degree, strength and local connectivity",
      "Gravity Centrality", "gravity",
      "Gravity centrality treats node degree or mass as attracting over graph distance.",
      r"(G(v) = \sum_{u \ne v,\; d(u,v) < \infty} \frac{k_u \cdot ks(u)}{d(u, v)^2}, \quad ks = \text{k-shell})",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high value indicates proximity to high-degree nodes under the gravity formula.",
      r"(Formula verified in package tests against the degree-mass-over-distance definition.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  ## ---- Family 2: Distance and closeness ----
  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Closeness Centrality", "closeness",
      "Closeness centrality summarises how short a node's paths are to other reachable nodes.",
      r"(C_C(v) = \frac{1}{\sum_{u \ne v} d(v, u)})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates short graph distances to other nodes. In disconnected graphs, harmonic centrality may be easier to interpret.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::closeness()` under matching `mode` and weight settings.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Incloseness Centrality", "incloseness",
      "Incloseness computes closeness over incoming directed paths.",
      r"(C_C^{\mathrm{in}}(v) = \frac{1}{\sum_{u \ne v} d(u, v)})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that other nodes can reach the focal node through short directed paths.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::closeness(mode = "in")`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Outcloseness Centrality", "outcloseness",
      "Outcloseness computes closeness over outgoing directed paths.",
      r"(C_C^{\mathrm{out}}(v) = \frac{1}{\sum_{u \ne v} d(v, u)})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that the focal node can reach other nodes through short directed paths.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::closeness(mode = "out")`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Harmonic Centrality", "harmonic",
      "Harmonic centrality sums reciprocal shortest-path distances. Unreachable nodes contribute zero.",
      r"(C_H(v) = \sum_{u \ne v} \frac{1}{d(v, u)})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates broad reach through short paths while handling disconnected components more gracefully than classical closeness.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::harmonic_centrality()` under matching settings.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Inharmonic Centrality", "inharmonic",
      "Inharmonic centrality computes harmonic centrality over incoming directed paths.",
      r"(C_H^{\mathrm{in}}(v) = \sum_{u \ne v} \frac{1}{d(u, v)})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that the node is reachable from many others through short directed paths.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::harmonic_centrality(mode = "in")`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Outharmonic Centrality", "outharmonic",
      "Outharmonic centrality computes harmonic centrality over outgoing directed paths.",
      r"(C_H^{\mathrm{out}}(v) = \sum_{u \ne v} \frac{1}{d(v, u)})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that many nodes can be reached from the focal node through short directed paths.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::harmonic_centrality(mode = "out")`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Residual Closeness Centrality", "residual_closeness",
      "Residual closeness sums $1 / 2^d$ over shortest-path distances (the focal node contributes $1$).",
      r"(C_R(v) = \sum_{u \in V} 2^{-d(v, u)})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates many close reachable nodes with rapid distance decay.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::closeness.residual()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Dangalchev Closeness Centrality", "dangalchev",
      "Dangalchev closeness is the residual-closeness distance-decay measure.",
      r"(C_D(v) = \sum_{u \in V} 2^{-d(v, u)})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates short-distance reach with distant nodes down-weighted.",
      r"(Implemented as the residual closeness equivalent used in `cograph`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Generalized Closeness Centrality", "generalized_closeness",
      "Generalized closeness sums $\\alpha^d$, where $d$ is the shortest-path distance.",
      r"(C_G(v) = \sum_{u \in V} \alpha^{\,d(v, u)}, \quad \alpha = 0.5)",
      r"(`mode`, `decay_parameter`)",
      "A high value indicates reach under the chosen distance-decay parameter.",
      r"(Corresponds to generalized distance-decay closeness formulations.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Harary Centrality", "harary",
      "Harary centrality sums inverse squared shortest-path distances.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{Har}}(v) = \sum_{u \ne v} \frac{1}{d(v, u)^2})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates many nearby reachable nodes, with distant nodes strongly down-weighted.",
      r"(Based on the Harary distance family.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Average Distance Centrality", "average_distance",
      "Average distance centrality summarises mean shortest-path distance from a node (the focal node's $d = 0$ term is included; the centiserve convention divides by $n + 1$).",
      r"(\bar{d}(v) = \frac{\sum_{u \in V} d(v, u)}{n + 1})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "Lower values indicate shorter average graph distance. The direction of interpretation should be checked because it is a distance quantity.",
      r"(Validated against the corresponding `centiserve` average-distance measure.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Barycenter Centrality", "barycenter",
      "Barycenter centrality is the inverse of the sum of shortest-path distances.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{Bary}}(v) = \frac{1}{\sum_{u \ne v} d(v, u)})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates a small total distance to other reachable nodes.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::barycenter()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Wiener Centrality", "wiener",
      "Wiener centrality records total shortest-path distance from a node (unreachable pairs contribute zero).",
      r"(W(v) = \sum_{u \ne v} d(v, u))",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "Lower values indicate shorter total distance. It is better read as distance burden than influence.",
      r"(Based on the Wiener index distance formulation.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Lin Centrality", "lin",
      "Lin centrality combines reachable nodes and total distance to those nodes.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{Lin}}(v) = \frac{|R(v)|^2}{\sum_{u \in R(v)} d(v, u)}, \quad R(v) = \{ u \ne v : d(v,u) < \infty \})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates many reachable nodes through relatively short paths.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::lincent()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Decay Centrality", "decay",
      "Decay centrality sums reach discounted by distance (the focal node contributes $1$).",
      r"(C_{\delta}(v) = \sum_{u \in V} \delta^{\,d(v, u)}, \quad \delta = 0.5)",
      r"(`mode`, `decay_parameter`)",
      "A high value indicates access to many nodes, especially nearby nodes. The value depends on the decay parameter.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::decay()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Radiality Centrality", "radiality",
      "Radiality compares node distances to the graph diameter.",
      r"(\mathrm{Rad}(v) = \frac{\sum_{u \ne v} \bigl( \Delta + 1 - d(v, u) \bigr)}{n - 1})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates short distances to others relative to overall graph diameter.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::radiality()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Gil-Schmidt Centrality", "gilschmidt",
      "Gil-Schmidt centrality sums reciprocal distances and normalises by graph size.",
      r"(C_{GS}(v) = \frac{1}{n - 1} \sum_{u \ne v} \frac{1}{d(v, u)})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates broad reciprocal-distance access to the network.",
      r"(Validated against `sna` Gil-Schmidt style centrality.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Integration Centrality", "integration",
      "Integration centrality is a distance-based measure of how integrated a node is within the graph.",
      r"(\mathrm{Int}(v) = \sum_{u \ne v} \left( 1 - \frac{d(v, u) - 1}{d_{\max}} \right), \quad d(v,u) = d_{\max} + 1 \text{ if unreachable})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates broad distance-based access to the network.",
      r"(Implemented as a native distance-based centrality in `cograph`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Eccentricity Centrality", "eccentricity",
      "Eccentricity is the maximum shortest-path distance from a node to any reachable node.",
      r"(\varepsilon(v) = \max_{u \in V} d(v, u))",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "Lower eccentricity generally indicates smaller worst-case distance. A high value means at least one reachable node is far away.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::eccentricity()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Ineccentricity Centrality", "ineccentricity",
      "Ineccentricity computes eccentricity over incoming directed paths.",
      r"(\varepsilon^{\mathrm{in}}(v) = \max_{u \in V} d(u, v))",
      r"(—)",
      "It summarises the largest directed distance from other nodes into the focal node.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::eccentricity(mode = "in")`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Outeccentricity Centrality", "outeccentricity",
      "Outeccentricity computes eccentricity over outgoing directed paths.",
      r"(\varepsilon^{\mathrm{out}}(v) = \max_{u \in V} d(v, u))",
      r"(—)",
      "It summarises the largest directed distance from the focal node to reachable others.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::eccentricity(mode = "out")`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Closeness Vitality", "closeness_vitality",
      "Closeness vitality measures how total network distance changes when a node is removed, using the Wiener index $W(G) = \\sum_{s, t} d(s, t)$.",
      r"(\mathrm{CV}(v) = W(G) - W(G \setminus v))",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates that removing the node substantially changes shortest-path structure.",
      r"(Corresponds to NetworkX closeness vitality conventions.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Entropy Centrality", "entropy",
      "Entropy centrality measures the change in graph entropy associated with a node, from the distribution of finite shortest-path distances after the node is removed.",
      r"(H(v) = -\sum_{w} Y_w \log_2 Y_w, \quad Y_w = \frac{|\{ x : d(w, x) < \infty \}|}{\sum_{w'} |\{ x : d(w', x) < \infty \}|})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates strong contribution under the graph entropy definition being used.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::entropy()`.)"),

  rec("Distance and closeness",
      "Centroid Centrality", "centroid",
      "Centroid centrality compares distance dominance between pairs of nodes.",
      r"(f(v, u) = \gamma(v, u) - \gamma(u, v), \quad \gamma(v, u) = |\{ w : d(v, w) < d(u, w) \}|, \quad C_{\mathrm{cen}}(v) = \min_{u \ne v} f(v, u))",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates a favourable position in pairwise distance comparisons.",
      r"(Implemented natively because some reference implementations have known edge-case issues.)"),

  ## ---- Family 3: Shortest-path brokerage and flow ----
  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Betweenness Centrality", "betweenness",
      "Betweenness centrality measures how often a node lies on shortest paths between other pairs of nodes.",
      r"(C_B(v) = \sum_{s \ne v \ne t} \frac{\sigma_{st}(v)}{\sigma_{st}})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value is consistent with a bridge or brokerage position under the shortest-path model. It is not direct evidence of intentional mediation.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::betweenness()` under matching directedness, weights, and normalization conventions.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Stress Centrality", "stress",
      "Stress centrality counts shortest paths passing through a node without fractional normalization across tied paths.",
      r"(C_S(v) = \sum_{s \ne v \ne t} \sigma_{st}(v))",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that many shortest paths include the node.",
      r"(Validated against `sna::stresscent()`.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Load Centrality", "load",
      "Load centrality distributes shortest-path load across alternative shortest routes: at each branch point a unit packet is split evenly among next hops on shortest paths.",
      r"(C_L(v) = \sum_{s \ne v \ne t} \mathrm{load}_{st}(v))",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that a node carries a large share of geodesic routing load.",
      r"(Validated against `sna::loadcent()`.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Bottleneck Centrality", "bottleneck",
      "Bottleneck centrality counts cases where a node is critical in shortest-path tree structures.",
      r"(\mathrm{BN}(v) = \sum_{s \in V} p_s(v), \quad p_s(v) = 1 \text{ if } v \text{ carries} > \tfrac{n}{4} \text{ of the shortest-path tree } T_s)",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates frequent bottleneck position in local shortest-path trees.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::bottleneck()`.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Bridging Centrality", "bridging",
      "Bridging centrality combines betweenness with a bridging coefficient.",
      r"(\mathrm{Br}(v) = C_B(v) \cdot \beta(v), \quad \beta(v) = \frac{1/k_v}{\sum_{u \in N(v)} 1/k_u})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates a possible bridge position between locally distinct areas.",
      r"(Based on bridging centrality formulations by Hwang and colleagues.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Local Bridging Centrality", "local_bridging",
      "Local bridging centrality measures bridge-like position using local neighbourhood information.",
      r"(\mathrm{LBr}(v) = \frac{1}{k_v} \cdot \beta(v), \quad \beta(v) = \frac{1/k_v}{\sum_{u \in N(v)} 1/k_u})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that the node connects neighbours that are not strongly connected through local alternatives.",
      r"(Based on local bridging coefficient formulations.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Percolation Centrality", "percolation",
      "Percolation centrality weights shortest-path brokerage by node states in a percolation process.",
      r"(\mathrm{PC}(v) = \frac{1}{n - 2} \sum_{s \ne v \ne t} \frac{\sigma_{st}(v)}{\sigma_{st}} \cdot \frac{x_s}{\sum_{i \ne v} x_i})",
      r"(`states`)",
      "A high value indicates state-dependent path importance under the supplied state vector $x$.",
      r"(Based on Piraveenan, Prokopenko, and Hossain's percolation centrality; equivalent to betweenness-like behavior when states are equal.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Flow Betweenness Centrality", "flow_betweenness",
      "Flow betweenness measures brokerage using maximum flow rather than only shortest paths.",
      r"(C_{FB}(v) = \sum_{s \ne v \ne t} f_{st}(v), \quad f_{st}(v) = \text{flow through } v \text{ in a max } s\text{-}t \text{ flow})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates importance for potential flow capacity between other nodes under the graph model.",
      r"(Validated against `sna::flowbet()`.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Current-Flow Betweenness Centrality", "current_flow_betweenness",
      "Current-flow betweenness measures how much electrical current between node pairs passes through a node.",
      r"(C_{CFB}(v) = \frac{1}{(n - 1)(n - 2)} \sum_{s \ne t} \tau_{st}(v), \quad \tau_{st}(v) = \text{current through } v)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates an intermediary position under an all-path current-flow model.",
      r"(Corresponds to NetworkX current-flow betweenness centrality.)"),

  rec("Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
      "Current-Flow Closeness Centrality", "current_flow_closeness",
      "Current-flow closeness uses electrical-network (effective-resistance) distances rather than only shortest paths.",
      r"(C_{CFC}(v) = \frac{n - 1}{\sum_{u \ne v} R_{vu}}, \quad R_{vu} = \text{effective resistance between } v \text{ and } u)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates closeness under an all-path flow model. It generally requires connected graphs.",
      r"(Corresponds to NetworkX current-flow closeness centrality.)"),

  ## ---- Family 4: Spectral, walk and influence ----
  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Eigenvector Centrality", "eigenvector",
      "Eigenvector centrality gives high scores to nodes connected to other high-scored nodes.",
      r"(A\,\mathbf{x} = \lambda_{\max}\,\mathbf{x}, \quad C_E(v) = x_v)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates embeddedness in a central neighbourhood. It should not be interpreted as influence unless the relation supports that interpretation.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::eigen_centrality()`.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "PageRank Centrality", "pagerank",
      "PageRank is a damped random-walk centrality. Nodes score highly when a random walker reaches them often.",
      r"(\mathrm{PR}(v) = \frac{1 - \alpha}{n} + \alpha \sum_{u \,:\, u \to v} \frac{\mathrm{PR}(u)}{k_u^{\mathrm{out}}}, \quad \alpha = 0.85)",
      r"(`damping`, `personalized`)",
      "A high value indicates random-walk prominence under the chosen damping, direction, and weight conventions.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::page_rank()` under matching parameters; original method by Page, Brin, Motwani, and Winograd.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Authority Centrality", "authority",
      "Authority centrality is part of HITS. Authorities are nodes pointed to by good hubs.",
      r"(\mathbf{a} = A^{\top} \mathbf{h}, \quad \mathbf{h} = A\,\mathbf{a} \;\Rightarrow\; \mathbf{a} = \text{principal eigenvector of } A^{\top} A)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates incoming support from nodes that point to good authorities.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::authority_score()`; based on Kleinberg's HITS algorithm.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Hub Centrality", "hub",
      "Hub centrality is the HITS counterpart to authority. Hubs point to good authorities.",
      r"(\mathbf{h} = \text{principal eigenvector of } A\,A^{\top})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates outgoing ties to high-authority nodes.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::hub_score()`; based on Kleinberg's HITS algorithm.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "SALSA Centrality", "salsa",
      "SALSA is a stochastic link-analysis method related to HITS for directed graphs.",
      r"(\mathbf{a} = \text{principal eigenvector of } A_c^{\top} A_r, \quad A_r, A_c = \text{row- and column-normalised } A)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates directed authority under the SALSA random-walk model.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::salsa()` where applicable.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "LeaderRank Centrality", "leaderrank",
      "LeaderRank is a PageRank-like directed ranking method that adds a ground node $g$ linked both ways to every node; the stationary random-walk mass on $g$ is then redistributed equally.",
      r"(\mathbf{s}^{*} = \text{stationary distribution of the walk on } G \cup \{g\}, \quad C(v) = s^{*}_v + \tfrac{1}{n} s^{*}_g)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates directed prestige under the LeaderRank model.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::leaderrank()` where applicable.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Alpha Centrality", "alpha",
      "Alpha centrality is an eigenvector-like measure that includes exogenous input.",
      r"(\mathbf{x} = (I - \alpha A^{\top})^{-1} \mathbf{e})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates recursive prominence under the chosen attenuation and exogenous assumptions.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::alpha_centrality()` under matching parameters.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Bonacich Power Centrality", "power",
      "Bonacich power centrality scores nodes using the centrality of their neighbours and a parameter $\\beta$ controlling dependence.",
      r"(\mathbf{c}(\alpha, \beta) = \alpha (I - \beta A)^{-1} A\,\mathbf{1})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates a favourable recursive position under the selected Bonacich parameterization.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::power_centrality()` under matching parameters.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Katz Centrality", "katz",
      "Katz centrality counts walks from all nodes to a focal node, attenuating longer walks.",
      r"(\mathbf{x} = (I - \alpha A^{\top})^{-1} \mathbf{1}, \quad \alpha = 0.1)",
      r"(`katz_alpha`)",
      "A high value indicates that many short and longer walks reach the node. The attenuation parameter must be valid for the graph.",
      r"(Validated against `igraph::alpha_centrality(exo = 1)` and NetworkX Katz centrality conventions.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Hubbell Centrality", "hubbell",
      "Hubbell centrality is an input-output centrality where status is recursively reinforced through ties.",
      r"(\mathbf{x} = (I - w W)^{-1} \mathbf{1}, \quad w = 0.5,\; W = \text{weighted adjacency})",
      r"(`hubbell_weight`)",
      "A high value indicates recursive prominence under the chosen weight factor. Some parameter settings are not solvable.",
      r"(Based on Hubbell's input-output centrality.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Subgraph Centrality", "subgraph",
      "Subgraph centrality measures participation in closed walks, with shorter closed walks weighted more strongly.",
      r"(\mathrm{SC}(v) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(A^k)_{vv}}{k!} = (e^{A})_{vv})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates embeddedness in many closed walk structures.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::subgraph_centrality()`; based on Estrada's formulation.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Laplacian Centrality", "laplacian",
      "Laplacian centrality measures a node's contribution to the graph's Laplacian energy.",
      r"(C_L(v) = \frac{E_L(G) - E_L(G \setminus v)}{E_L(G)}, \quad E_L(G) = \sum_i \mu_i^2 \;\; (\mu_i = \text{Laplacian eigenvalues}))",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates a large local structural contribution under the Laplacian energy definition.",
      r"(Matches NetworkX and `centiserve::laplacian()` conventions.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Communicability Centrality", "communicability",
      "Communicability centrality uses the matrix exponential to summarise walk-based communication potential.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{Comm}}(v) = \sum_{u \in V} (e^{A})_{vu})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates many walk-based routes to other nodes, with shorter walks weighted more strongly.",
      r"(Based on Estrada communicability.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Communicability Betweenness Centrality", "communicability_betweenness",
      "Communicability betweenness measures walk-based communicability between other pairs through a node.",
      r"(C_{CB}(v) = \frac{1}{(n-1)(n-2)} \sum_{s \ne t \ne v} \frac{G_{st} - G_{st}^{(v)}}{G_{st}}, \quad G = e^{A})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates walk-based intermediary position, not limited to shortest paths. $G^{(v)}$ is computed with $v$ removed.",
      r"(Based on Estrada, Higham, and Hatano's communicability betweenness.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Random Walk Centrality", "random_walk",
      "Random walk centrality uses expected random-walk access times rather than shortest-path distances.",
      r"(C_{RW}(v) = \frac{1}{\sum_{u \ne v} \tilde{m}_{vu}}, \quad \tilde{m}_{vu} = \tfrac{1}{2}\bigl( m_{vu} + m_{uv} \bigr))",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that the node is reached efficiently under a random-walk process. $m_{uv}$ is the mean first-passage time.",
      r"(Corresponds to random-walk centrality based on mean first-passage or resistance-distance formulations.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Markov Centrality", "markov",
      "Markov centrality is based on mean first-passage times in a Markov process on the graph.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{Mk}}(v) = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{u} m_{uv}}, \quad m_{uv} = \text{mean first-passage time } u \to v)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that the node is reached quickly on average under the Markov process.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::markovcent()`.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Second-Order Centrality", "second_order",
      "Second-order centrality summarises variability in random-walk return times.",
      r"(\mathrm{SO}(v) = \operatorname{sd}_{u}\bigl( m_{uv} \bigr))",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "The statistic describes random-walk regularity rather than direct connectivity (lower is more central).",
      r"(Rank behavior is checked against NetworkX second-order centrality in package tests.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Information Centrality", "information",
      "Information centrality measures centrality through resistance-distance or information-flow ideas (Stephenson and Zelen).",
      r"(C_I(v) = \left( C_{vv} + \frac{T - 2 R_v}{n} \right)^{-1}, \quad C = (D - A + J)^{-1},\; T = \operatorname{tr} C,\; R_v = \textstyle\sum_j C_{vj})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates a central position under the information-flow model.",
      r"(Based on Stephenson and Zelen's information centrality.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Nonbacktracking Centrality", "nonbacktracking",
      "Nonbacktracking centrality scores nodes using walks that do not immediately return along the edge just traversed (the Hashimoto matrix $B$).",
      r"(B_{(i \to j),\,(k \to l)} = \delta_{jk}\,(1 - \delta_{il}), \quad C(v) \propto \text{aggregated leading eigenvector of } B)",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high value indicates walk-based prominence after reducing immediate backtracking inflation.",
      r"(Validated against NetworkX-style nonbacktracking behavior in package tests.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Diffusion Centrality", "diffusion",
      "Diffusion centrality estimates reach through a diffusion process over the graph.",
      r"(\mathbf{DC} = \sum_{t=1}^{T} (\lambda A)^{t}\,\mathbf{1}, \quad \lambda = 1)",
      r"(`mode`, `lambda`)",
      "A high value indicates a structurally favourable position for spreading under the selected diffusion model.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::diffusion()` where applicable and TNA-style diffusion conventions for transition networks.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Infection Centrality", "infection",
      "Infection centrality estimates spreading potential through infection-style self-avoiding walks with attenuation.",
      r"(\mathrm{Inf}(v) = \sum_{d=1}^{L} \beta^{\,d+1} (1 - \mu)^{d}\, w_d(v), \quad \beta = 0.8,\; \mu = 0,\; L = 6)",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high value indicates a favourable position under the assumed infection process, not observed contagion. $w_d(v)$ counts length-$d$ self-avoiding walks from $v$.",
      r"(Implemented according to infection centrality formulas used in the network centrality literature.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "VoteRank Centrality", "voterank",
      "VoteRank is an iterative voting algorithm for ranking spreader candidates: each round the highest-voted node is selected, its voting ability is zeroed, and its neighbours' voting abilities are reduced.",
      r"()",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates early selection by the VoteRank rule. It is a heuristic model result, not observed spread.",
      r"(Corresponds to NetworkX VoteRank behavior.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Expected Influence 1-Step", "expected_influence_1",
      "Expected influence 1-step sums signed edge weights adjacent to a node.",
      r"(\mathrm{EI}_1(v) = \sum_{u \in V} W_{vu}, \quad W = \text{signed weight matrix})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high positive value indicates strong positive immediate signed connectivity. This is mainly meaningful for signed networks.",
      r"(Based on Robinaugh, Millner, and McNally's expected influence measure.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Expected Influence 2-Step", "expected_influence_2",
      "Expected influence 2-step extends signed influence to one- and two-step paths.",
      r"(\mathrm{EI}_2(v) = \mathrm{EI}_1(v) + \sum_{u \in V} W_{vu}\,\mathrm{EI}_1(u))",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high positive value indicates positive signed connectivity through direct and indirect paths. Interpretation requires a signed network.",
      r"(Based on Robinaugh, Millner, and McNally's expected influence measure.)"),

  rec("Spectral, walk and influence",
      "Spanning Tree Centrality", "spanning_tree",
      "Spanning tree centrality summarises a node's contribution across spanning-tree structures via the Laplacian pseudoinverse $L^{+}$.",
      r"(\mathrm{ST}(v) = \frac{1}{L^{+}_{vv}}, \quad L^{+} = \text{Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of } L)",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high value indicates structural participation across many tree-like ways of connecting the graph.",
      r"(Based on matrix-tree theorem centrality formulations.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  ## ---- Family 5: Neighbourhood structure and cohesion ----
  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Transitivity Centrality", "transitivity",
      "Transitivity measures local clustering: whether a node's neighbours are connected to each other.",
      r"(c(v) = \frac{2\, t_v}{k_v (k_v - 1)}, \quad t_v = \text{number of triangles through } v)",
      r"(`transitivity_type`, `isolates`)",
      "A high value indicates locally closed neighbourhoods. This can represent cohesion or redundancy, depending on the relation.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::transitivity()` for standard types; `cograph` also supports weighted variants.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Constraint Centrality", "constraint",
      "Constraint measures how redundant a node's contacts are, following Burt's structural holes framework.",
      r"(C(v) = \sum_{u \in N(v)} \left( p_{vu} + \sum_{q \ne v, u} p_{vq}\, p_{qu} \right)^2, \quad p_{vu} = \text{proportional tie strength})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates a locally constrained ego network. Lower constraint may indicate structural holes, depending on theory and relation type.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::constraint()`.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Effective Size Centrality", "effective_size",
      "Effective size estimates the number of nonredundant contacts in a node's ego network (Burt).",
      r"(\mathrm{ES}(v) = k_v - \frac{1}{k_v} \sum_{u \in N(v)} |N(v) \cap N(u)|)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates relatively nonoverlapping contacts.",
      r"(Validated against `influenceR::effective_size()`.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Topological Coefficient Centrality", "topological_coefficient",
      "Topological coefficient centrality measures shared-neighbour overlap.",
      r"(T(v) = \frac{\operatorname{avg}_{u}\, J(v, u)}{k_v}, \quad J(v, u) = \text{number of neighbours shared by } v \text{ and } u)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates neighbourhood overlap or topological similarity.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::topocoefficient()`.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Diversity Centrality", "diversity",
      "Diversity centrality measures entropy in the distribution of edge weights around a node.",
      r"(\mathrm{Div}(v) = \frac{-\sum_{u \in N(v)} p_{vu} \log_2 p_{vu}}{\log_2 k_v}, \quad p_{vu} = \frac{w_{vu}}{\sum_{u'} w_{vu'}})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that weighted ties are relatively evenly distributed rather than concentrated.",
      r"(Validated against `igraph::diversity()`.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Cross-Clique Centrality", "cross_clique",
      "Cross-clique centrality counts how many cliques contain a node.",
      r"(X(v) = |\{\, Q \in \mathcal{Q}(G) : v \in Q \,\}|, \quad \mathcal{Q}(G) = \text{set of cliques})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates participation in many fully connected local groups.",
      r"(Validated against `centiserve::crossclique()`.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Coreness Centrality", "coreness",
      "Coreness assigns nodes to k-core shells.",
      r"(C_{\mathrm{core}}(v) = \max \{\, k : v \in (k\text{-core of } G) \,\})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates membership in a dense core. It does not imply brokerage or short paths to all nodes.",
      r"(Equivalent to `igraph::coreness()`.)"),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "Onion Centrality", "onion",
      "Onion centrality assigns nodes to layers from onion decomposition, a fine-grained extension of k-core decomposition.",
      r"(\text{layer}(v) = \text{iteration index at which } v \text{ is peeled by the onion decomposition})",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A high layer indicates that the node remains until later stages of the peeling process.",
      r"(Validated against NetworkX onion layer behavior in package tests.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  rec("Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
      "K-Reach Centrality", "kreach",
      "K-reach centrality counts nodes reachable within path length $k$.",
      r"(C_{kR}(v) = |\{\, u : 0 < d(v, u) \le k \,\}|, \quad k = 3)",
      r"(`mode`, `k`)",
      "A high value indicates broad reach within a fixed local radius. Results depend on the chosen $k$.",
      r"(Validated against k-path reach conventions.)"),

  ## ---- Family 6: Directed prestige and hierarchy ----
  rec("Directed prestige and hierarchy",
      "Prestige Domain Centrality", "prestige_domain",
      "Prestige domain centrality counts how many nodes can reach a focal node in a directed graph.",
      r"(P(v) = |\{\, u \ne v : u \rightsquigarrow v \,\}|)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates a large incoming reach domain.",
      r"(Based on Wasserman-Faust prestige concepts and `sna`-style prestige measures.)"),

  rec("Directed prestige and hierarchy",
      "Prestige Domain Proximity Centrality", "prestige_domain_proximity",
      "Prestige domain proximity measures how close nodes in the prestige domain are to the focal node.",
      r"(C(v) = \frac{|R^{-}(v)|^2}{(n - 1) \sum_{u \in R^{-}(v)} d(u, v)}, \quad R^{-}(v) = \{ u \ne v : u \rightsquigarrow v \})",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates that many predecessors can reach the node through short directed paths.",
      r"(Based on Wasserman-Faust prestige proximity concepts.)"),

  rec("Directed prestige and hierarchy",
      "Local Reaching Centrality", "reaching_local",
      "Local reaching centrality measures how much of the network is reachable from a node through directed paths.",
      r"(\mathrm{LRC}(v) = \frac{|\{\, u : v \rightsquigarrow u \,\}|}{n - 1})",
      r"(`mode`)",
      "A high value indicates broad directed reach from the node.",
      r"(Matches `networkx.local_reaching_centrality` in package equivalence tests.)"),

  rec("Directed prestige and hierarchy",
      "Pairwise Disconnectivity Centrality", "pairwisedis",
      "Pairwise disconnectivity measures how directed reachability between pairs changes when a node is removed.",
      r"(\mathrm{Dis}(v) = \frac{P(G) - P(G \setminus v)}{P(G)}, \quad P(G) = |\{ (s, t) : s \rightsquigarrow t \}|)",
      r"(—)",
      "A high value indicates structural importance for preserving directed reachability.",
      r"(Validated against reference implementations in package tests.)"),

  rec("Directed prestige and hierarchy",
      "Trophic Level Centrality", "trophic_level",
      "Trophic level estimates hierarchical position in a directed flow network.",
      r"((I - W)\,\mathbf{s} = \mathbf{1}, \quad W_{ji} = \frac{a_{ij}}{k_j^{\mathrm{in}}}, \quad \text{basal nodes have level } 1)",
      r"(via `centrality(measures = ...)`)",
      "A higher value indicates a higher position in the inferred directed hierarchy. This is appropriate only for flow-like relations.",
      r"(Checked against NetworkX trophic-level behavior in package tests.)",
      via_measures = TRUE),

  ## ---- Family 7: Community and group-based ----
  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Participation Coefficient", "participation",
      "Participation coefficient measures how evenly a node's ties are distributed across communities.",
      r"(P(v) = 1 - \sum_{m} \left( \frac{k_v^{(m)}}{k_v} \right)^2, \quad k_v^{(m)} = \text{ties from } v \text{ to module } m)",
      r"(`membership`, `mode`)",
      "A high value indicates ties spread across multiple communities. It requires a meaningful membership vector.",
      r"(Validated against `brainGraph` participation coefficient conventions.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Within-Module Z Centrality", "within_module_z",
      "Within-module z centrality standardises a node's within-community degree against other nodes in the same community.",
      r"(z(v) = \frac{k_v^{(m_v)} - \mu_{m_v}}{\sigma_{m_v}}, \quad m_v = \text{community of } v)",
      r"(`membership`, `mode`)",
      "A high value indicates unusually high within-module connectivity.",
      r"(Validated against `brainGraph` within-module z-score conventions.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Gateway Centrality", "gateway",
      "Gateway centrality measures inter-community brokerage weighted by centrality of communities or nodes involved.",
      r"(g(v) = 1 - \frac{1}{k_v^2} \sum_{s} k_{vs}^2\, \gamma_{vs}^2, \quad k_{vs} = \text{ties from } v \text{ to module } s)",
      r"(`membership`, `mode`)",
      "A high value indicates a structurally prominent position between communities.",
      r"(Validated against `brainGraph::gateway()` conventions.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Brokerage Coordinator Centrality", "brokerage_coordinator",
      "Coordinator brokerage occurs when a node mediates between two nodes in its own group. It counts open directed two-paths $a \\to v \\to c$ (with no direct $a \\to c$).",
      r"(\mathrm{Coord}(v) = |\{\, a \to v \to c : g(a) = g(v) = g(c) \,\}|)",
      r"(`membership`)",
      "A high value indicates within-group mediation under the supplied membership vector.",
      r"(Based on Gould-Fernandez brokerage roles.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Brokerage Itinerant Centrality", "brokerage_itinerant",
      "Itinerant brokerage occurs when a node mediates between two nodes in another group.",
      r"(\mathrm{Itin}(v) = |\{\, a \to v \to c : g(a) = g(c) \ne g(v) \,\}|)",
      r"(`membership`)",
      "A high value indicates brokerage among members outside the node's own group.",
      r"(Based on Gould-Fernandez brokerage roles.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Brokerage Representative Centrality", "brokerage_representative",
      "Representative brokerage occurs when a node mediates from its own group to another group.",
      r"(\mathrm{Rep}(v) = |\{\, a \to v \to c : g(a) = g(v) \ne g(c) \,\}|)",
      r"(`membership`)",
      "A high value indicates outward brokerage from the node's group.",
      r"(Based on Gould-Fernandez brokerage roles.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Brokerage Gatekeeper Centrality", "brokerage_gatekeeper",
      "Gatekeeper brokerage occurs when a node mediates from another group into its own group.",
      r"(\mathrm{Gate}(v) = |\{\, a \to v \to c : g(a) \ne g(v) = g(c) \,\}|)",
      r"(`membership`)",
      "A high value indicates inward brokerage into the node's group.",
      r"(Based on Gould-Fernandez brokerage roles.)",
      grp = TRUE),

  rec("Community and group-based",
      "Brokerage Liaison Centrality", "brokerage_liaison",
      "Liaison brokerage occurs when a node mediates between two groups, neither of which is its own.",
      r"(\mathrm{Liai}(v) = |\{\, a \to v \to c : g(a),\, g(v),\, g(c) \text{ all distinct} \,\}|)",
      r"(`membership`)",
      "A high value indicates between-group brokerage outside the node's own group.",
      r"(Based on Gould-Fernandez brokerage roles.)",
      grp = TRUE)
)

family_order <- c(
  "Degree, strength and local connectivity",
  "Distance and closeness",
  "Shortest-path brokerage and flow",
  "Spectral, walk and influence",
  "Neighbourhood structure and cohesion",
  "Directed prestige and hierarchy",
  "Community and group-based"
)

emit_measure <- function(r) {
  cat("\n### ", r$title, " {#cent-", r$key, "}\n\n", sep = "")
  cat(r$concept, "\n\n", sep = "")
  if (nzchar(r$math)) cat("$$\n", r$math, "\n$$\n\n", sep = "")
  cat("**Meaning.** ", r$meaning, "\n\n", sep = "")
  cat("```r\n", r$example, "\n```\n\n", sep = "")
  cat("**Equivalence reference.** ", r$reference, "\n\n", sep = "")
}

emit_family <- function(fam) {
  cat("\n## ", fam, "\n\n", sep = "")
  for (r in records) if (identical(r$family, fam)) emit_measure(r)
}
```

## Catalogue index

```{r index, results = 'asis', echo = FALSE}
cat("<div class=\"cg-fam-index\">\n\n")
for (fam in family_order) {
  cat("**", fam, "**\n\n", sep = "")
  items <- Filter(function(r) identical(r$family, fam), records)
  links <- vapply(items, function(r) sprintf("[%s](#cent-%s)", r$title, r$key),
                  character(1))
  cat(paste(links, collapse = " · "), "\n\n")
}
cat("</div>\n\n")
```

```{r families_1_6, results = 'asis', echo = FALSE}
for (fam in family_order[1:6]) emit_family(fam)
```

The measures below need a **community membership vector**. Build one with
`detect_communities()` (`walktrap` works on the directed `student_interactions`
graph), then pass it as `membership =`:

```{r groups}
comm   <- detect_communities(student_interactions, method = "walktrap")
groups <- setNames(comm$community, comm$node)
centrality_participation(student_interactions, membership = groups)
```

```{r families_7, results = 'asis', echo = FALSE}
emit_family(family_order[7])
```

## Argument catalogue {#argument-catalogue}

All measures are reachable through the single `centrality()` verb. These
arguments control how they are computed. Measure-specific knobs are repeated in
each measure's **Arguments** line.

| Argument | Default | Affects | What it does |
|---|---|---|---|
| `type` | `"basic"` | all | Curated tier of measures: `"basic"`, `"extended"`, or `"all"`. |
| `measures` | `NULL` | all | Character vector of specific measures to compute (overrides `type`). |
| `mode` | `"all"` | directed measures | Traversal direction: `"all"`, `"in"`, or `"out"`. |
| `normalized` | `FALSE` | most | Divide each score by its maximum. |
| `weighted` | `TRUE` | weighted measures | Use edge weights when present. |
| `directed` | `NULL` | all | Force directed/undirected; `NULL` auto-detects. |
| `loops` | `TRUE` | degree, strength | Keep self-loops. |
| `simplify` | `"sum"` | multigraphs | How to combine parallel edges. |
| `cutoff` | `-1` | path-based | Cap path length (`-1` = no cap). |
| `invert_weights` | `NULL` | distance/path | Treat weights as distances vs. strengths. |
| `alpha` | `1` | weight transform | Exponent applied when `invert_weights = TRUE`. |
| `damping` | `0.85` | PageRank | Random-walk damping factor. |
| `personalized` | `NULL` | PageRank | Personalization vector. |
| `transitivity_type` | `"local"` | transitivity | `"local"`, `"global"`, or weighted variants. |
| `isolates` | `"nan"` | transitivity | How isolates are scored. |
| `lambda` | `1` | diffusion | Diffusion scaling factor. |
| `k` | `3` | k-reach | Path-length radius. |
| `states` | `NULL` | percolation | Per-node percolation state vector. |
| `decay_parameter` | `0.5` | decay, generalized closeness | Distance-decay base. |
| `dmnc_epsilon` | `1.7` | DMNC | Density exponent. |
| `katz_alpha` | `0.1` | Katz | Attenuation factor. |
| `hubbell_weight` | `0.5` | Hubbell | Weight factor $w$. |
| `membership` | `NULL` | group-based | Community assignment vector. |
| `digits` | `NULL` | all | Round numeric columns. |
| `sort_by` | `NULL` | all | Order rows by a column name. |