Ordinary R vectors are unsuitable for working with values of
associative maps because elements of an R vector may be accessed by
reference to their location in the vector, but associative maps are
stored in arbitrary order. However, when associating keys with values
one needs both parts to be in 1-1 correspondence, so one cannot dispense
with the order entirely. The disordR package includes a single
S4 class, disord. This class allows one to
perform only those operations appropriate for manipulating values (or
keys) of associative maps.
A useful heuristic is that one is only allowed to access or modify a disord object using a python list comprehension. The idea is to prevent “illegal” operations on values (or keys) of associative maps, whose order is undefined or at best implementation-specific, while allowing sensible operations.
disord package in
useI will illustrate the package by a few examples of legal and illegal
code. First create a simple disord object:
set.seed(0)
a <- rdis() # a random disord object
a
#> A disord object with hash 5b7279f3c05d00cf1e8f999a755151e0451c56ec and elements
#> [1] 9 4 7 1 2 6 3 8 5
#> (in some order)We may perform various operations on this object:
a+4
#> A disord object with hash 5b7279f3c05d00cf1e8f999a755151e0451c56ec and elements
#> [1] 13 8 11 5 6 10 7 12 9
#> (in some order)
a > 5
#> A disord object with hash 5b7279f3c05d00cf1e8f999a755151e0451c56ec and elements
#> [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> (in some order)
a[a<6]
#> A disord object with hash 1cb2c1cb8b5cb3c58e69ffcc5f88340cbdc6abbd and elements
#> [1] 4 1 2 3 5
#> (in some order)with no difficulty. But if we try to find elements of a
with a particular offset or offsets, the system returns an error:
a[1]
#> Error in .local(x, i, j = j, ..., drop): if using a regular index to extract, must extract each element once and once only (or none of them)
a[c(2,3)]
#> Error in .local(x, i, j = j, ..., drop): if using a regular index to extract, must extract each element once and once only (or none of them)This is because the elements of a are stored in an
implementation-specific order and there is no such thing as the “first”
element. We may manipulate elements of a by reference to
their values but not by their position in the vector:
a[a<3] <- 0 # round small elements down
a
#> A disord object with hash 5b7279f3c05d00cf1e8f999a755151e0451c56ec and elements
#> [1] 9 4 7 0 0 6 3 8 5
#> (in some order)Replacement methods can access subsets where this makes sense:
x <- disord(1:10)
x
#> A disord object with hash 65e11d78de79b7f584068ad856749e3748cb837c and elements
#> [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
#> (in some order)
x[x<3] <- x[x<3] + 100
x
#> A disord object with hash 65e11d78de79b7f584068ad856749e3748cb837c and elements
#> [1] 101 102 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
#> (in some order)disord
objectsIf we create another disord object, b:
b <- rdis()
b
#> A disord object with hash 488e1c6f4e2c062379d47b5511730a9785661318 and elements
#> [1] 2 3 8 1 5 6 9 7 4
#> (in some order)Then a and b have the same length, but
adding them vectorially is forbidden because the order of their elements
is implementation-specific:
a+b
#> disordR discipline error in:
#> a + b
#>
#> hash codes 5b7279f3c05d00cf1e8f999a755151e0451c56ec and 488e1c6f4e2c062379d47b5511730a9785661318 do not match
#> Error in check_matching_hash(e1, e2, match.call()): stoppingAlso, replacement methods that access cross-referenced locations are forbidden:
a[b < 4] <- 5
#> disordR discipline error in:
#> .local(x = x, i = i, j = j, value = value)
#>
#> hash codes 5b7279f3c05d00cf1e8f999a755151e0451c56ec and 488e1c6f4e2c062379d47b5511730a9785661318 do not match
#> Error in check_matching_hash(x, i, match.call()): stopping(observe carefully that a[b<14] <- 5 is legal).
However, sometimes one knows that two disord objects have the
same ordering (perhaps a is the key, and
b the value, of an associative array). In this case one may
cross-reference them provided that the hash codes of the two objects
agree:
a <- rdis()
b <- disord(sample(9),hash(a))
a
#> A disord object with hash 909ab9cb9afebb8a5109f17b277b37d7e6b1aaa1 and elements
#> [1] 7 1 9 5 6 8 4 2 3
#> (in some order)
b
#> A disord object with hash 909ab9cb9afebb8a5109f17b277b37d7e6b1aaa1 and elements
#> [1] 5 2 8 6 1 4 3 9 7
#> (in some order)See how a and b have the same hash code.
Then, although the elements of a and b are
stored in an implementation-specific (and thus unknown) order, whatever
order it is is the same in both objects and they are relatable:
a+b
#> A disord object with hash 909ab9cb9afebb8a5109f17b277b37d7e6b1aaa1 and elements
#> [1] 12 3 17 11 7 12 7 11 10
#> (in some order)
a[b < 0.5]
#> integer(0)
a[b < 0.2] <- b[b < 0.2]
a
#> A disord object with hash 909ab9cb9afebb8a5109f17b277b37d7e6b1aaa1 and elements
#> [1] 7 1 9 5 6 8 4 2 3
#> (in some order)A disord object is comparable with python arrays with the proviso that one is only allowed to access or manipulate elements via list comprehensions. See the following python session:
~ % python3
Python 3.9.5 (default, May 4 2021, 03:33:11)
[Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.29)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from numpy import *
>>> a = random.rand(5)
>>> b = random.rand(5)
>>> a
array([0.13275574, 0.07243463, 0.0543058 , 0.36633955, 0.73795801])
>>> b
array([0.14934221, 0.11321413, 0.6135964 , 0.53558058, 0.6396702 ])
>>> [i**2 for i in a]
[0.017624086607707354, 0.005246776214236293, 0.002949120389839953, 0.1342046637421116, 0.54458202262916]
>>> [i+j for i,j in zip(a,b)]
[0.28209795105056, 0.18564876373593042, 0.6679022004516395, 0.901920128499422, 1.377628206483919]
>>> Note that in the last line zip() is used to relate
a and b which is accomplished in the package
by explicitly setting the hash code.