SU(1)

名称
su - 更改用户 ID 或成为超级用户

大纲

su [options] [-] [username [ args ]]

描述

The su command is used to become another user during a login session. Invoked without a username, su defaults to becoming the superuser. The - option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly. The -c option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells.

Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the -- argument to stop option parsing. The - option is special: it is also recognized after --, but has to be placed before username.

如果合适，将提示用户输入一个密码。输入无效的密码会产生一个错误消息。所有的尝试，无论成功还是失败，都会被记录，以检测对系统的滥用。

The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of $PATH is reset to /bin:/usr/bin for normal users, or /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin for the superuser. This may be changed with the ENV_PATH and ENV_SUPATH definitions in /etc/login.defs.

在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是“*”标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户实际登录的新文件系统的根。

选项

The options which apply to the su command are:

-c, --command COMMAND
    Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its -c.

    The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY.

-, -l, --login
    提供一个类似于用户直接登录的环境，用户可能会希望这样。

    When - is used, it must be specified before any username. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any username. The other forms (-l and --login) do not have this restriction.

-s, --shell SHELL
    将使用的 shell。

    The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):

        The shell specified with --shell.

        If --preserve-environment is used, the shell specified by the $SHELL environment variable.

        The shell indicated in the /etc/passwd entry for the target user.

        /bin/sh if a shell could not be found by any above method.

    If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this user's entry in /etc/passwd is not listed in /etc/shells), then the --shell option or the $SHELL environment variable won't be taken into account, unless su is called by root.

-m, -p, --preserve-environment
    Preserve the current environment, except for:

    $PATH
        reset according to the /etc/login.defs options ENV_PATH or ENV_SUPATH (see below);

    $IFS
        reset to “<space><tab><newline>”, if it was set.

    If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless su is called by root).

    Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:

        The $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME, $PATH, and $IFS environment variables are reset.

        If --login is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above.

        If --login is used, the $TERM, $COLORTERM, $DISPLAY, and $XAUTHORITY environment variables are copied if they were set.

        If --login is used, the $TZ, $HZ, and $MAIL environment variables are set according to the /etc/login.defs options ENV_TZ, ENV_HZ, MAIL_DIR, and MAIL_FILE (see below).

        If --login is used, other environment variables might be set by the ENVIRON_FILE file (see below).

CAVEATS

This version of su has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site.

配置文件

The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of this tool:

CONSOLE (string)
    如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是“:”分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。

    如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。

    指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。

CONSOLE_GROUPS (string)
    List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console.

DEFAULT_HOME (boolean)
    如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。

    If set to yes, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory.

ENV_HZ (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login. The value must be preceded by HZ=. A common value on Linux is HZ=100.

ENVIRON_FILE (string)
    如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。

    以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。

ENV_PATH (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example /bin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=. The default value is PATH=/bin:/usr/bin.

ENV_SUPATH (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=. The default value is PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin.

ENV_TZ (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by TZ= (for example TZ=CST6CDT), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example /etc/tzname).

    If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use TZ=CST6CDT.

LOGIN_STRING (string)
    此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了“密码：”)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。

    If the string contains %s, this will be replaced by the user's name.

MAIL_CHECK_ENAB (boolean)
    启用登录时检查和显示邮箱状态。

    如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx -e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。

MAIL_DIR (string)
    The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a compile-time default is used. The parameter CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL in /etc/default/useradd determines whether the mail spool should be created.

MAIL_FILE (string)
    定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。

The MAIL_DIR and MAIL_FILE variables are used by useradd, usermod, and userdel to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool.

If MAIL_CHECK_ENAB is set to yes, they are also used to define the MAIL environment variable.

QUOTAS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable setting of resource limits from /etc/limits and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field.

SULOG_FILE (string)
    如果定义了，所有的 su 活动都会记录到此文件。

SU_NAME (string)
    如果定义了，就是运行“su -”时显示的命令名称。例如，如果定义为“su”，那么“ps”会显示此命令为“-su”。如果没有定义，“ps”将会显示实际执行的 shell，例如类似于“-sh”。

SU_WHEEL_ONLY (boolean)
    If yes, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in /etc/group (called root on most Linux systems) to be able to su to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is empty, no one will be able to su to uid 0.

SYSLOG_SU_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable "syslog" logging of su activity - in addition to sulog file logging.

USERGROUPS_ENAB (boolean)
    如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 -> 002, 077 -> 007)。

    If set to yes, userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and useradd will create by default a group with the name of the user.

文件

/etc/passwd
    用户账户信息。

/etc/shadow
    安全用户账户信息。

/etc/login.defs
    Shadow 密码套件配置。

退出值

On success, su returns the exit value of the command it executed.

If this command was terminated by a signal, su returns the number of this signal plus 128.

If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time), su returns 255.

Some exit values from su are independent from the executed command:

0
    success (--help only)

1
    System or authentication failure

126
    The requested command was not found

127
    The requested command could not be executed

参见

login(1), login.defs(5), sg(1), sh(1).